Anatomy of the eye from the view of Ibn AI Haitham [965-1039]. The founder of modern optics

Ibn Al-Haitham [known as Alhazen in Latin [965 Basra, Iraq-1039, Cairo, Egypt]] was a scientist who played an important role in the middle age Islam world. He wrote many books and novels, but only 90 of them are known. His main book Kitab al-Manazir was translated into Western languages in the late twelfth century, and in the early thirteenth century. In this book, he formulated many hypotheses on optical science. The book, which is also known as Optic treasure [opticae thesaurus], affected many famous Western scientists. He became an authority until the seventeenth century in the Eastern and Western countries. Roger Bacon [1212-1294], who made radical changes in the Western optical traditions, reconfirmed Ibn Al-Haitham's findings. Ibn al-Haitham began his book Kitab al-Manazir with the anatomy and physiology of the eye. He specifically described cornea, humor aqueous, lens, and corpus vitreum. He examined the effect of light on seeing. He caused changes in the prevailing ideas of his age, and suggested that light came from objects, not from the eye. He provided information regarding the optic nerve, retina, iris, and conjunctiva. He showed the system of the eye as a dioptric, and the relations between the parts of the eye. It is understood that he mastered all knowledge on the structure of the eye in his century. The best proof of this is the eye picture that he drew

Relation between cranial venous return and hand preference by magnetic resonance angiography

This study was conducted to determine whether there is a relationship between hand preference and the site of cranial venous return. Magnetic resonance angiography was used for the determination of the site of dominance of cranial venous return. Forty-seven right-handed and 45 left-handed subjects participated in the study conducted at the Sevgi Hospital in Ankara, Turkey between 1996 and 2000. The site of cranial venous return was determined by calibration of the superior jugular bulbus and named as right [R], left [L] and right-left [R-L]. Calibrations of superior jugular bulbus were analyzed by one way variance analyses. There were statistically significant differences when analyzing the hand preference and calibration in the subjects with a venous return from the left, than from the right and right-left. The site of venous return [R, L, R-L] and venous calibration were analyzed by student t-test and were not statistically significant. The venous return was from the left in right-handed subjects and from the right in left-handed subjects. Correlation's of hand preference and age and sex could not be made. For both-sided venous return, ambidexterity could not be determined